NATIONAL IMPACT ON THE FORMATION OF PHYSICAL EDUCATION CONCEPTS IN MODERN TIME (18th – EARLY 20th CENTURY)

Abstract

The article describes national influences on the formation of physical education concepts in Europe in the period of modern (late 18th – early 20th century.) The author presents the beginnings of modern physical education in Germany, Sweden, Denmark and the United Kingdom and systematizes innovative ideas in the development of physical education concepts in Europe. The influence of German and Swedish gymnastics, as well as British games and sports in European countries are demonstrated. The author states that the following educational innovations were proposed by German educators: the need to combine various forms of physical activity: physical exercises, games, military training, manual work and educational excursions (J. Bazedow); the association of pan-European models of physical culture with natural physical exercises known at that time (F. Guth-Muts); the introduction of gymnastics in the school curriculum as a necessary and indispensable part of education and education of men, providing physical culture with equal to other subjects rights, introducing special requirements for physical training teachers, taking into account age and sex in physical training (A. Spisss); integration of sports games into a school curriculum (K. Koch); the formation of German mass gymnastics as a means of uniting the nation, the introduction of special clothing for classes, the involvement of young people in the role of instructors, the observance of safety during physical education, awareness of the formation of the spirit of the nation by means of physical education and sports (F. Jan). As a result of the formation of Swedish gymnastics for educational, military and medical trends, it was discovered that its innovative ideas greatly influenced the European physical education concepts, in particular: recognition of the important role of gymnastics to increase the strength of people and better ability to resist, theoretical development of the foundations of medical gymnastics, the training system based on simple movements without special equipment, introduction of gymnastics in schools for girls, awareness of the need to provide gymnasts and a physiological basis for balancing the various organs of the body in order to provide strength and health (G. Ling). It is noted that Denmark was the first European country to introduce compulsory physical training in schools and provided comprehensive training for teachers on the theory and methodology of gymnastics. It was emphasized that Great Britain played an important role in the formation of the game movement and university physical education.